People with chronic conditions and elderly frequently use different levels of health care. If those are not coordinated, patients are exposed to complications and adverse effects. To avoid this, the implementation of transitional care (TC) is proposed, which includes the coordination and follow-up of users through the different care settings. We aimed to analyze the concept of transitional care, its characteristics and impact on people with chronic conditions. A search of articles published between 2012 and 2019 in Google Scholar, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Cochrane Library databases was conducted looking for articles related to the concept of transitional care, characteristics, and impact on people with chronic conditions. Several models of TC have been formulated and the literature identifies common interventions, namely telephone follow-up, outpatient clinics and home visits for self-management support. Reports show that TC reduces re-hospitalizations, care costs, increases quality of life and user satisfaction with the health system.

ABSTRACT In a lifetime, some behaviors and habits are developed that affect the quality of life of elderly people. Among those behaviors, eating interweaves bio-psycho-social aspects that are built in different environments, where homes are key to achieving a healthier diet, due to the relevance and meanings that the individual, family and community convey when eating at home; however, the particularities of home nutrition make it necessary to recognize the complexity of this act, rethinking the way in which it is possible to improve or maintain an adequate quality of life in elderly people from their domestic food environment. This is the basis of the descriptive review, which, through the search through various sources of information, proposes to inquire about the complexity in domestic food environments during the life course of elderly people. The article delves into the complexity of the human being in its essence and in the way in which it feeds and constructs its diet through home food environments during their lifetime, which determines the quality of life as well as the states of health and disease. As a conclusion, the revaluation of the human complexity of eating is identified, a multifactorial act that transcends the course of life, but which exerts a special value and emotional connotation in elderly people, who have built their lives with their own, family and community eating patterns, and that represent the diversity and complexity of the feeding process.

RESUMEN En las trayectorias vitales, se desarrollan conductas y hábitos que repercuten en la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. Entre otros comportamientos, la alimentación entreteje aspectos bio-psico-sociales que se construyen en diversos entornos, en donde los domicilios son claves para el logro de una alimentación más saludable, por la relevancia y significados que conllevan de manera individual, familiar y comunitaria el comer en casa; sin embargo, las particularidades de la alimentación domiciliaria, obliga a reconocer la complejidad de este acto y el replantearse la manera en que se logra mejorar o mantener una adecuada calidad de vida en personas mayores desde su ambiente alimentario doméstico. Esta es la base de la revisión descriptiva, que, a través de la búsqueda en diversas fuentes de información, se propone el indagar sobre la complejidad en los ambientes alimentarios domésticos durante el curso de la vida de personas mayores. El artículo profundiza en la complejidad del ser humano en su esencia y en la manera en que se alimenta y construye su alimentación en los entornos alimentarios domiciliarios durante sus trayectorias vitales, lo que condiciona la calidad de vida y los estados de salud y enfermedad. Como conclusión, se identifica el revalorar la complejidad humana del comer, un acto multifactorial que trasciende al curso de la vida, pero que ejerce una especial connotación valórica y emocional en personas mayores, los que han construido sus trayectorias vitales con patrones alimentarios propios, familiares y comunitarios, y que representan la diversidad y complejidad de formas de alimentarse.

Abstract Introduction The average life expectancy, as well as the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D), is increasing worldwide. Population-based studies have demonstrated that the duration of T2D has been associated with cognitive impairment. However, despite the high prevalence of T2D and cognitive impairment in Chile, the association between years with T2D and suspicion of cognitive impairment has not yet been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between duration of T2D and suspicion of cognitive impairment in Chilean older adults. Material and Methods 1,040 older adults aged ≥60 years from the Chilean National Health Survey (2009-2010) were included. Suspicion of cognitive impairment was assessed by the abbreviated Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The number of years with T2D was self-reported and categorised into four groups. Poisson Regression analysis was used to assess the association between altered MMSE and the number of years with DM2, adjusted by potential confounders including socio-demographic, lifestyle, adiposity and health-related factors. Results When the analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic factors, people who had T2D for 15 to 24 and ≥25 years had 2.2-times (95%CI: 1.07; 3.33) and 5.8-times (95%CI: 3.81; 11.0) higher relative risk (RR) of cognitive impairment, compared to those without T2D. When the analyses were additionally adjusted for lifestyle and health-related covariates, the RR for cognitive impairment was 1.76-times (95%CI: 1.02; 2.50) and 4.54-times (95%CI: 2.70; 6.38) higher for those who had T2D for 14-24 years and ≥25 years, respectively. Conclusions Number of years with T2D was associated with suspicion of cognitive impairment. A longer duration of T2D was associated with a higher likelihood of cognitive impairment in the Chilean older population, independently of confounder factors included in the study.

RESUMEN Introducción: La esperanza de vida está aumentando en todo el mundo, así como la diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Estudios poblacionales han demostrado que la duración de la DM2 se ha asociado con el deterioro cognitivo. Sin embargo, a pesar de la alta prevalencia de DM2 y deterioro cognitivo en Chile, aún no se ha investigado la asociación entre años con DM2 y la sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la duración de la DM2 y la sospecha de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores chilenas. Material y Métodos Participaron 1.040 personas ≥60 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile (2009-2010). El deterioro cognitivo se evaluó mediante el Mini Examen del Estado Mental abreviado (MMSE). El número de años con DM2 fue categorizado en cuatro grupos. Para valorar la asociación entre MMSE alterado y el número de años con DM2, se utilizó una regresión de Poisson, ajustados a posibles factores de confusión sociodemograficos, de estilos de vida, adiposidad y salud. Resultados Cuando se ajustaron los análisis por factores sociodemográficos, las personas con 15 a 24 y ≥25 años con DM2 presentaron 2,2 veces (IC95%: 1,07; 3,33) y 5,8 veces (IC95%: 3,81; 11,0) riesgo relativo (RR) de deterioro cognitivo, en comparación con aquellas sin DM2. Luego de ajustar adicionalmente los análisis para las covariables relacionadas con el estilo de vida y la salud, el RR para deterioro cognitivo fue 1,76 veces (IC95%: 1,02; 2,50) y 4,54 veces (IC95%: 2,70; 6,38) más alto para aquellas personas con 14-24 y ≥25 años de DM2. Conclusiones Se asoció el número de años con DM2 con la sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. Una mayor duración de la DM2 se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de deterioro cognitivo en la población mayor chilena.

Resumen El artículo aborda la relación entre turismo, geografía e imágenes para dar cuenta de las formas en que las imágenes median la experiencia turística de lugares. Para ello analiza la promoción oficial del turismo de la provincia de Salta (Argentina) e indaga las principales ideas acerca de este destino. Esto se realiza teniendo en cuenta las imágenes que componen los materiales gráficos editados y distribuidos por el gobierno provincial (cartillas, libros, revistas, folletos, pósteres, mapas, etc.) desde 2007 a 2019. Los resultados señalan que en los últimos años se ha buscado diversificar la imagen turística de la provincia a través de la presentación de Salta como un lugar para la exploación inicial, donde se puede acceder a una herencia cultural variada que no ha experimentado cambios a lo largo del tiempo. El texto concluye señalando que, acompañada de tendencias recientes en el turismo y en el consumo, esta estrategia de mostrar lugares alejados o novedosos renueva el interés del turista por lo exótico, lo diferente y lo remoto, a la vez que permite la multiplicación de opciones de negocios turísticos en un contexto en el que lo nuevo suma a la diversidad necesaria para incrementar opciones de consumo. Ideas destacadas: artículo de investigación orientado a dar cuenta de las formas en que se define turísticamente la provincia de Salta (Argentina) a través de las imágenes oficiales elaboradas y difundidas por el gobierno provincial desde mediados de la primera década del siglo XXI.

Abstract The article addresses the relationship between tourism, geography, and images, seeking to recognize how images mediate place tourist experience. To do this, the paper analyzes the official tourism promotion of Salta (Argentina) considering the main ideas about the destination created by local government. This is done by examining graphic material (booklets, books, magazines, brochures, posters, maps, etc.) edited and distributed by provincial government since 2007 to 2019. The analysis of graphic devices produced by provincial government shows that there are two main ideas about Salta as a tourist place. One of them portraits Salta as an unvisited place that is ideal for initial exploration. The other idea depicts it as a place where tourists can get access to an unaltered and rich cultural heritage. The text concludes by pointing out that official promotion strategy renews tourists' interest for the exotic, the different, and the remote, while allowing the multiplication of business options in a context where diversity is necessary to increase consumption. Highlights: research article that aims to investigate the images used to define Salta (Argentina) as a tourist destination. To do this the article analyzes official tourist images produced and disseminated by the provincial government since the mid-2000s.

Resumo O artigo aborda a relação entre turismo, geografia e imagens, para conhecer como as imagens medeiam a experiência turística do lugar. O texto analisa a promoção oficial do turismo da província de Salta (Argentina) e investiga quais são as principais ideias sobre esse destino. Isso é realizado considerando as imagens que compõem os materiais gráficos editados e distribuídos pelo governo da província (brochuras, livros, revistas, pósteres, mapas etc.) desde 2007 até 2019. Os resultados indicam que nos últimos anos o governo tem procurado diversificar a imagem turística da província incorporando duas ideias: a apresentação de Salta como local de exploração inicial e a sua condição de local de acesso a um património cultural variado que não tem sofrido alterações ao longo do tempo. O texto conclui apontando que, acompanhada das tendências recentes do turismo e do consumo, essa estratégia de mostrar lugares remotos ou novos renova o interesse dos turistas pelo exótico, pelo diferente e pelo remoto, permitindo a multiplicação de opções do negócio turístico num contexto onde o novo oferece a diversidade necessária para aumentar as opções de consumo. Ideias destacadas: artigo de pesquisa que apresenta as formas em que a província de Salta (Argentina) é definida turisticamente. Isto é realizado a traves da análise das imagens oficiais elaboradas e difundidas pelo governo provincial desde 2007 até 2019.

PAHO/WHO proposes to implement the role of Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) in Latin America, to reduce gaps in coverage and access to health care. For this purpose, it is necessary to train nursing professionals with an expanded role, which allows them to collaborate in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of people with specific diseases, under established protocols and clinical guidelines and within consolidated interdisciplinary health teams in a cost-effective way. One of the areas with the greatest coverage deficit in Latin America is adult oncology, with inequality in care opportunities for these patients. Part of the premature deaths attributable to this disease are due to the lack of access to timely diagnosis and treatment. As a contribution to the reduction of this gap, a training program of Advanced Nursing Practice was developed, addressing the most urgent needs in the field of oncology. The necessary competencies were defined to develop a professional-level master’s degree program, considering prevention, early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of people with oncological diseases at different levels of care. A program of this kind is an opportunity to reduce the access gap and coverage of health care for people with cancer, improving their quality of life and their survival.

The objective of this work is to analyze some recent trends that define consumption in the city of Buenos Aires taking into account the areas devoted to this practice (gastronomic poles, fairs, and markets), the proposals or modalities offered, and how places become significant to consumption. This is analyzed in the context of broader social, economic and cultural processes that guide global trends related to the transformation of cities. The study of these issues is relevant due to the scarcity of previous background information on recent trends on consumption in Buenos Aires. The methodological strategy combined the systematization of secondary information (official documents, brochures, tourist guides, journalistic articles, among others) and field work (visits and systematic observation in catering areas in the city). This article shows how new uses of urban spaces themed around gastronomy are designed. Likewise, it is considered how these spaces can make catering significant for certain sectors of society.

El objetivo del trabajo es analizar algunas tendencias recientes que definen el consumo gastronómico en la ciudad de Buenos Aires atendiendo a las áreas dedicadas a esta práctica (polos gastronómicos, ferias y mercados), las propuestas o modalidades que se ofrecen para concretarla y las especificidades que estos lugares le otorgan al consumo que en ellos se realiza. Esto se analiza en el contexto de procesos sociales, económicos y culturales más amplios que orientan tendencias mundiales en relación con la transformación de las ciudades. El abordaje de estos temas tiene justificación en la escasez de antecedentes acerca de las tendencias recientes del consumo gastronómico como parte de las transformaciones de Buenos Aires. La estrategia metodológica combinó la realización de un relevamiento y sistematización de información secundaria (documentos oficiales, folletos, guías turísticas, notas periodísticas, entre otros) y la realización de trabajo de campo (visita y observación sistemática en las áreas dedicadas a la gastronomía en la ciudad). El trabajo muestra cómo se configuran nuevos usos del espacio urbano tematizados en torno a la gastronomía. Asimismo, se reflexiona respecto de cómo estos espacios (acondicionados para concretar el consumo gastronómico) pueden volver significativas las prácticas vinculadas con el comer para ciertos sectores de la sociedad.

Background: Depression has been previously associated with cognitive impairment in high income country populations. However, its association in the Chilean population has not been investigated. Aim: To investigate the association between depression and cognitive impairment. Material and Methods: Data from 1384 Chilean adults aged > 60 years, participating in the National Health Survey 2009-2010 was analyzed. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Mini Mental Examination score. The medical diagnosis of depression was self-reported. The association between depression and cognitive impairment was assessed using a logistic regression. Results: Depression was positively associated with cognitive impairment. However, the magnitude of the association was higher in men (Odds ratio (OR) = 4.02 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.44; 6.61], p < 0.01]) than in women (OR = 2.23 [95%CI: 1.03; 3.43], p = 0.04). Older adults who were diagnosed for the first time with depression after 65 years of age, showed a stronger association with cognitive impairment (OR = 6.65 [95% CI: 2.39; 10.9], p < 0.01) than those diagnosed before 55 years. Conclusions: Our study confirms the association between depression and cognitive impairment. Further research is needed to elucidate the nature and potential mechanisms that link depression with cognitive impairment.

Background: One of the side effects of cancer treatment is a low level of physical activity (PA) due to fatigue and pain. Aim: To quantify PA levels in Chilean people with cancer. Material and Methods: Analysis of the National Health Survey 2016-2017 including 6,233 participants, comparing those with and without a self-report of cancer was conducted. Levels of PA and sitting time were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: 3% of participants [confidence intervals (CI): 2.6; 3.9] reported having cancer and 34% [95% CI: 22.7; 46.7] of these reported being physically inactive, compared to 25% [95% CI: 22.5; 27,3] of those without cancer. Participants with cancer performed 56 and 77 minutes/day lower vigorous and total PA than participants without cancer. No differences between groups were observed for commuting PA, moderate PA and sedentary time. Lower level of PA was independent of the years elapsed since the diagnosis of cancer. Conclusions: People with cancer are less physically active than their counterparts without the disease.

ABSTRACT Vitamin C is a well-known antioxidant. Its intake has been associated with a number of benefits, some of which lack a scientific basis. This review summarizes important biological aspects that determine vitamin C homeostasis, discusses the available information on its possible beneficial effects and its intake in various countries, with special emphasis on some risk groups. The beneficial effects of this vitamin in inflammation, cancer and cardiovascular disease are also summarized, as well as its role as immuno-modulator and epigenetic regulator. Dietary sources of vitamin C and the factors that influence its stability are also presented. Finally, an overview of the research conducted on healthy lifestyles in Latin-American countries are presented. This research summarized provides evidence of poor eating habits, which could account for a vitamin C hypovitaminosis not yet reported that could be associated with unhealthy ageing and the development of non-transmissible chronic diseases.

RESUMEN La vitamina C es uno de los antioxidantes más conocidos. Su ingesta ha sido asociada a un sinnúmero de beneficios, algunos de los cuales tienen un sustento científico débil o inexistente. En esta revisión se presentan en forma resumida aspectos biológicos que determinan la homeostasis de la vitamina C y se discute la información disponible sobre sus posibles efectos benéficos y su ingesta, en diversos países con especial énfasis en algunos grupos de riesgo. También se presentan sus efectos benéficos en inflamación, cáncer y enfermedades cardiovasculares, así como su acción de inmunomodulador y regulador epigenético. Se revisan también algunas fuentes dietarias de vitamina C y los factores que influyen en su estabilidad. Terminando con un análisis general de los trabajos relacionados con conducta de vida saludable en países latinoamericanos, que reflejan los malos hábitos alimentarios y que podrían dar cuenta de una hipovitaminosis de vitamina C aún no reportada y repercutir en el desarrollo de envejecimiento precoz y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

Background Sleep duration may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Aim To investigate the association between sleep duration and cognitive function in Chilean older adults. Material and Methods We analyzed information from 1,384 participants aged > 60 years participating in the National Health Survey 2009-2010 who were assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and self-reported their average daily sleep hours. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between MMSE and sleep duration. Results Compared to those participants who reported sleeping 7 hours per day, those that reported sleeping < 5 hours had a higher odd for cognitive impairment (Odds ratio (OR): 3.66 [95% confidence intervals (CI: 1.69; 7.95], p < 0.01). Similarly, those who reported sleeping > 8 hours per day also showed a higher odd for cognitive impairment (OR: 2.56 [95% CI: 1.32; 4.95], p < 0.01). This association was even stronger for people who reported more than 10 hours of sleep per day (OR: 4.46 [95% CI: 1.32; 4.95], p < 0.01). Conclusions Long and short sleep duration is associated with cognitive impairment in older adults in Chile independent of major confounding factors.

Background: Lifestyle factors could promote healthy ageing. Aim: To investigate the association between physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior and cognitive impairment in Chilean older adults. Material and Methods: We included 1,390 participants from the National Health Survey (2009-2010). The Mini-Mental State Examination was used to diagnose cognitive impairment. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were assessed with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Logistic regression was performed to investigate the associations. Results: Compared with older adults with lower levels of PA (< 48 min/day), those with middle (48-248 min/day) and higher (>248 min/day) levels of PA had lower odds for cognitive impairment (Odds ratio (OR): 0.57 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.33; 0.82], p < 0.01 and 0.58 [95% CI: 0.32; 0.83], p < 0.01, respectively). Participants who reported spending more than 8 hours/day sitting had a high odds for cognitive impairment compared to those who spent < 4 hours/day (OR: 3.70 [95% CI: 1.37; 6.03], p = 0.01). Conclusions: Both PA and sedentary behavior were independently associated with cognitive decline independent of major confounding factors in Chilean older adults.

Resumo Neste artigo indagamos as estratégias de promoção turística que foram utilizadas pela Secretaria de Turismo da província de Buenos Aires entre 2010 e 2015. Para esse fim analisamos as imagens fotográficas incluídas nos folhetos -junto aos textos que as acompanham- como parte da estratégia de construção de uma província diversa, rural e turística. Na analises considerou-se a quantidade e o tamanho das fotografias presentes nos folhetos, sua composição, resolução e outros elementos técnicos na construção da imagem, examinando também o conteúdo discursivo. Concluímos que as imagens fotográficas vão ganhando importância nos folhetos analisados e adquirem diferentes funções (ilustram, singularizam, etc.). Ainda, as imagens visuais e textuais configuram uma ruralidade bonaerense a partir de “clichês” e a reprodução de “mitos” que dão protagonismo à figura do gaucho, às estâncias e a certos povoados rurais.

Abstract This article examines tourism promotion strategies implemented by the Buenos Aires province Secretariat of Tourism between the years 2010-2015. We analyze the photographic images -and their descriptions- included in official brochures as part of a strategy to create a diverse, rural and touristic province. For the analysis of brochures we considered, on the one hand, the quantity and size of photographs, in addition to their composition, resolution and other technical aspects in the construction of the image. On the other hand, the discursive content of brochures. We conclude that photographic images are gaining relevance in the analyzed brochures, while acquiring different functions (to illustrate, singularize, etc.). Likewise, textual and visual images create an idealized rurality of the province of Buenos Aires, based on “clichés” and the reproduction of “myths” that grant relevance to the figure of the gaucho, estancias and certain rural towns.

Resumen En este artículo proponemos indagar las estrategias de promoción turística que se implementaron desde la Secretaría de Turismo de la provincia de Buenos Aires entre 2010-2015. Para ello, examinamos las imágenes fotográficas incluidas en la folletería -junto con los textos que la acompañan-, como parte de la estrategia de construcción de una provincia diversa, rural y turística. Para el análisis fueron considerados la cantidad y tamaño de las fotografías presentes en los folletos, su composición, resolución y otros aspectos técnicos en la construcción de la imagen, y se examinó también el contenido discursivo. Así, concluimos que las imágenes fotográficas van ganando relevancia en los folletos analizados, a la vez que adquieren diferentes funciones (ilustrar, singularizar, etc.). Asimismo, las imágenes textuales y visuales configuran una ruralidad bonaerense idealizada, a partir de “clichés” y reproducción de “mitos” que dan protagonismo a la figura del gaucho, a las estancias y a ciertos pueblos rurales.

ABSTRACT Although physical activity (PA) is a protective factor against non-communicable diseases, there is an important proportion of the population who do not meet PA guidelines. Our aim was to investigate how adherence to PA guidelines varies across different age groups in the Chilean population. 5,133 participants from the 2009-2010 Chilean Health Survey were included in this study. PA was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as <600 MET/min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity PA. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association of PA with age. The main finding of this shows that women were more likely to be inactive than men (p<0.0001). Physical inactivity prevalence varied slightly between 20 and 59 years. However, among those individuals aged >60 years the prevalence increased markedly, reaching 63% and 56% for women and men aged >80 years, respectively. These findings confirm the necessity of promoting PA across the lifespan, but more importantly, these results suggest that more promotion and opportunities for engaging in PA should be created especially for older adults, who are more likely to be physically inactive.

RESUMEN A pesar de que la actividad física (AF) es un factor protector contra las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, un gran porcentaje de la población no cumple los niveles mínimos recomendados. El objetivo fue investigar como varían los niveles de práctica de AF entre los diferentes grupos etarios en la población chilena. Se incluyeron 5.133 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010. La AF fue determinada utilizando el cuestionario GPAQ. La inactividad física fue definida como <600 MET/min/semana de AF moderada a vigorosa. La asociación entre AF y edad fue investigada por sexo mediante regresión logística. Las mujeres presentaron una mayor probabilidad de ser físicamente inactivas en comparación a los hombres (p<0,0001). Al analizar la prevalencia de inactividad física por sexo y grupo etario, esta cambió ligeramente entre los 20 a 59 años, pero a partir de los 60 se observó un incremento importante en la prevalencia llegando a 63% y 56% para mujeres y hombres >80 años, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la necesidad de seguir fomentando la práctica regular de AF física a través de todo el ciclo vital, pero en especial sobre los 60 años, ya que este grupo presenta una mayor probabilidad de ser físicamente inactivo.